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Caldicellulosiruptor bescii biofuel production
''Caldicellulosiruptor bescii'' biofuel production is the attempt to generate microbiofuel using a thermophilic, anaerobic, and cellulolytic bacterium, ''C. bescii'', first isolated in 1990 from a geothermally heated freshwater pool in the Valley of Geysers on the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia. Although growth at temperatures up to 85 degrees Celsius have been noted, the optimum growth temperature is 75 degrees Celsius.〔 ''C. bescii'' was originally grouped in the ''Anaerocellum thermophilum'' because of growth physiology, cell wall type and morphology. 16S rRNA sequencing later showed distinguishable differences that are responsible for placement in the ''Caldicellulosiruptor'' clade.〔 ''C. besci'' is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium notable for its ability use a variety of polymeric carbohydrates and di- and monosaccharides to produce H2, acetate, lactate, and trace amounts of ethanol.〔
''C. bescii'' has been selected for study by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the University of Georgia's Department of Genetics for its ability to degrade cellulose. Through plasmid recombination the region for the gene encoding production of lactate dehydrogenase has been deleted causing the microbe to produce elevated levels of acetate and H2. Bi-functional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase genes from ''Clostridium thermocellum'' allow for the conversion of sugars to ethanol. This genetically modified strain is able to convert biomass composed of switch-grass to ethanol.
==Diversity==
''C. bescii'' has the highest growth temperature out of nine different isolates in the genus of ''Caldicellulosiruptor''. It can grow at temperatures up to 90° Celsius with an optimum growth temperature of 75° Celsius.〔 In 1990, ''C. bescii'' was described formally and the type strain was deposited as DSM 6725.〔 Shortly after, ''C. bescii'' was classified as a member of a new genus ''Anaerocellum'' and named ''Anaerocellum thermophilum'', strain Z-1320.〔 Studies were conducted to compare and contrast the strains. A study on the DSM 6725 strain with hemicellulose, cellulose and pectin showed notable differences compared to what was reported with strain Z-1320.〔 The tests showed that DSM 6725 was able to grow on pectin and xylose, while it was previously shown that strain Z-1320 could not utilize xylose and pectin.〔 Another notable difference was in the growth temperature of DSM 6725.〔 DSM 6725 strain could grow up to 90° Celsius while Z-1320 can grow up to 83° Celsius. These differences in the strains lead to the grouping of C. bescii.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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